An alternative approach for increasing the visibility of roads
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7764/RDLC.23.2.203Keywords:
Road visibility, phosphor, UV light, image analysis, hot mix asphalt.Abstract
Visibility problems occur on highways that are not sufficiently illuminated at night, endangering traffic safety. Phosphor material, which has a natural glow feature under ultraviolet (UV) light, is planned to increase road visibility in areas with inadequate lighting. Phosphor powder (PP) was used in four different percentages (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) as fillers in hot mix asphalt (HMA), reduced to filler size. Asphalt specimens were prepared using a super pave gyratory compactor and super pave volumetric mixture design. Compacted specimens were exposed to artificial 12V UV light for 10-minute intervals in a dark room, and UV light absorption was observed. Visibility analyses were performed on the specimens by taking high-resolution photos with long exposure from a distance of approximately 30 cm from the asphalt specimen using a professional camera. According to the analysis results, the visibility values increased by 200.4%, 378.5%, 538.1%, and 728.5% compared to the reference specimen for substitution rates of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, respectively. Experiments were conducted to determine the behavior of the specimens prepared as phosphorus substitutes in the mixture. After selecting the optimum binder contents, the modified Lottman test procedure was applied to measure the specimens' strength values and moisture sensitivity prepared at optimum ratios. The indirect tensile test results show that the 25% PP-substituted specimen had a better strength value. The tensile strength ratio (TSR) value, the ratio of dry and wet tensile stresses, was determined to have minor moisture sensitivity in the 50% PP-substituted specimen. HWTT was applied to the specimen containing 50% PP content, which exhibited the best TSR ratio, resulting in improved rutting performance compared to the reference specimen.
Downloads
References
Anwari, R. A., Coskun, S., & Saltan, M. (2023). Research on recycle of waste fluorescent lamp glasses and use as mineral filler in asphalt mixture. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 25(1), 258-271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-022-01525-3
Assum, T., Bjornskau, T. Fosser, S. & Sagberg, F. (1999). Risk Compensation- the Case of Road Lighting. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 31(5), 545-553. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-4575(99)00011-1
Babari, R., Hautiere, N. Dumont, E. Paparoditis, N. & Misener, J. (2012). Visibility Monitoring Using Conventional Roadside Cameras – Emerging Applica-tions. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 22, 17-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2011.11.012
Babic, D., Scukanec, A., Babic, D., & Fiolic, M. (2019). Model for predicting road markings service life. The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineer-ing, 14(3), 341-359. https://doi.org/10.7250/bjrbe.2019-14.447
Beyer, F. R., & Ker, K. (2009). Street lighting for preventing road traffic injuries. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (1).
Bi, Y., Pei, J., Chen, Z., Zhang, L., Li, R., & Hu, D. (2021). Preparation and characterization of luminescent road-marking paint. International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, 14(2), 252-258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42947-020-0229-3
Britannica., (2019). Phosphor. Date of Access: 17.01.2019. https://www.britannica.com/science/phosphor
Burghardt, T. E., Pashkevich, A., & Bartusiak, J. (2021). Solution for a two-year renewal cycle of structured road markings. Roads and Bridges-Drogi i Mosty, 20(1), 5-18.
Cominsky, R, J., Huber, G, A. Kennedy, T, W. & Anderson, M. (1994). The Superpave Mix Design Manuel for New Construction and Overlays. SHRP-A-407, National Research Council, Washington DC.
Do, T. C., Lee, H. J., Baek, C. M., & Nguyen, T. T. (2021). Mechanical characteristics of shear strength ratio used for moisture susceptibility evaluation of asphalt mixtures. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 22(4), 447-454. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2019.1614586
Dormidontova, T. V., & Filatova, A. V. (2016). Research of influence of quality of materials on a road marking of highways. Procedia Engineering, 153, 933-937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.256
Ekrias, A., Eloholma, M. & Halonen, L. (2009). The Effects of Colour Contrast and Pavement Aggregate Type on Road Lighting Performance. Light and Engineering, 17(3), 76-91.
Erişkin, E., Karahançer, Ş. Terzi, S. Saltan, M. Çapalı, B. Uncu, İ.S. & Çoskunsu, S. (2019). Increasing the Visibility of Roads Using Phosphorous Paint. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 20(1), 199-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2017.1374999
Erkan, A., Hoffmann, D., Kreb, N., Vitkov, T., Kunst, K., Peier, M. A., & Khanh, T. Q. (2023). Required Visibility Level for Reliable Object Detection during Nighttime Road Traffic in Non-Urban Areas. Applied Sciences, 13(5), 2964. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13052964
Filippis, P.D., Giavarini, C. & Scarsella, M. (1995). Improving the Aging Resistance of Straight-Run Bitumens by Addition of Phosphorous Compounds. Elsevier Science, 74(6), 836-841. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(95)00015-W
Fisher, A.J. (1977). Road Lighting as an Accident Counter-Measure. Australian Road Research Board ARRB, 7(4), 3-16.
Halefoğlu, Y. Z. (2017). Investigation of the Usability of Lanthanide Element Doped Long-lasting CaAl2O4 Phosphorescent Pigment as a Traffic Road Marking Line, Çukurova University Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, 32(4), 121-126. https://doi.org/10.21605/cukurovaummfd.383190
Han, J., and Shiwakoti, H. (2016). Wheel Tracking Methods to Evaluate Moisture Sensitivity of Hot-Mix Asphalt Mixtures. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 10(1), 30-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-016-0318-1
Izzo, R, P., and Tahmoressi, M. (1999). Use of Hamburg Wheel-Tracking Device for Evaluating Moisture Susceptibility of Hot-Mix Asphalt. Transporta-tion Research Record, 1681(1), 76-85. https://doi.org/10.3141/1681-10
Lee, Y. M., Kim, S. T., Jeong, W. S., & Kim, H. R. (2016). Night Visibility Evaluation of Phosphorescent Road Line Markings. International Journal of Highway Engineering, 18(4), 69-75.
Leidschendam, S., (1984). Visibility Aspects of Road Lighting. SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research, 12.
Lin, H., Chen, F., & Zhang, H. (2023). Active luminous road markings: A comprehensive review of technologies, materials, and challenges. Construction and Building Materials, 363, 129811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129811
Lyu, L., Chen, Y., Yu, L., Li, R., Zhang, L., & Pei, J. (2020). The Improvement of Moisture Resistance and Organic Compatibility of SrAl2O4: Eu2+, Dy3+ Persistent Phosphors Coated with Silica–Polymer Hybrid Shell. Materials, 13(2), 426. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020426
Mampearachchi, W, F., Fernando, P, R, D. (2012). Evaluation of The Effect of Superpave Aggregate Gradations on Marshall Mix Design Parameters of Wearing Course. Journal of The National Science Foundation Sri Lanka, 40(3), 183-194.
Mendoza, F., & Lu, R. (2015). Basics of Image Analysis. Hyperspectral Imaging Technology in Food and Agriculture, Food Engineering Series, Springer, New York, NY.
Nance, J., & Sparks, T. D. (2020). Comparison of coatings for SrAl2O4: Eu2+, Dy3+ powder in waterborne road striping paint under wet conditions. Pro-gress in Organic Coatings, 144, 105637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2020.105637
Poelman, D., Avci, N., & Smet, P. F. (2009). Measured luminance and visual appearance of multi-color persistent phosphors. Optics express, 17(1), 358-364.
Qian, G., Bai, S. Ju, S. & Huang, T. (2013). Laboratory Evaluation on Recycling Waste Phosphorus Slag as the Mineral Filler in Hot-Mix Asphalt. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 25(7), 846-850. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000770
Qian, G., Wang, K. Bai, X. Xiao, T. Jin, D. & Huang, Q. (2018). Effects of Surface Modified Phosphate Slag Powder on Performance of Asphalt and As-phalt Mixture. Construction and Building Materials, 158, 1081-1089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.123
Raynham, P. (2004). An Examination of the Fundamentals of Road Lighting for Pedestrians and Drivers. Lighting Research and Technology, 36(4), 307-316. https://doi.org/10.1191/1365782804li125oa
Rojas-Hernandez, R. E., Rubio-Marcos, F., Rodriguez, M. A., & Fernandez, J. F. (2018). Long lasting phosphors: SrAl2O4: Eu, Dy as the most studied material. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81, 2759-2770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.06.081
Seidu, R. K., Sun, L., & Jiang, S. (2023). A systematic review on retro-reflective clothing for night-time visibility and safety. The Journal of the Textile Institute, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2023.2212194
Shan, B., Yang, X., Cao, X., Deng, M., & Tang, B. (2022). Preparation of high-luminescent materials and application of luminescent coatings in road engineering. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 34(8), 04022159. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0004305
Sheng, Y., Zhang, B. Yan, Y. Chen, H. Xiong, R. & Geng, J. (2017). Effects of Phosphorous Slag Powder and Polyester Fiber on Performance Characteris-tics of Asphalt Binders and Resultant Mixtures. Construction and Building Materials, 141, 289-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.141
Shionoya, S., Yen, W. M., & Yamamoto, H. (Eds.). (2018). Phosphor handbook. CRC press.
Simmons, C., Mahach, K., Knoblauch, D., Nitzburg, M., Tignor, S., & Wochinger, K. (1997, October). Field evaluation of ultraviolet (uv)-activated fluores-cent roadway delineation. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting (Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 1392-1392). Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071181397041002192
Tsai, B. W., Coleri, E., Harvey, J. T., & Monismith, C. L. (2016). Evaluation of AASHTO T 324 hamburg-wheel track device test. Construction and Build-ing Materials, 114, 248-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.171
Turner, D., Nitzburg, & M. Kloblauch, R. (1998). Ultraviolet Headlamp Technology for Nighttime Enhancement of Roadway Markings and Pedestrians. Transportation Research Record Journal of Transportation Research Board, 1636(1), 124-131. https://doi.org/10.3141/1636-20
Villa, C., Brémond, R., Eymond, F., & Saint-Jacques, E. (2022). Characterization of luminescent road markings. Lighting Research & Technology, 14771535221111052. https://doi.org/10.1177/14771535221111052
Voravanicha, K., Leelachao, S., Sahasithiwat, S., Kumnorkaew, P., & Dangtungee, R. (2019). Natural rubber filled with phosphorescent materials for pavement. Materials Today: Proceedings, 17, 1971-1976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.244
Yi, Y., Lee, K., Kim, S., & Choi, K. (2017). Effectiveness Analysis and Application of Phosphorescent Pavement Markings for Improving Visibility. KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research, 37(5), 815-825.
Ylinen, A.M., Pellinen, T. Valtonen, J. Puolakka, M. & Halonen, L. (2011). Investigation of Pavement Light Reflection Characteristics. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 12(3), 587-614. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2011.9695262
Yu, H., Li, S., Qian, G., Gong, X., & Wang, K. (2020). Experiment evaluation on the surface treatment of phosphorus slag (PS) micro powder for asphalt modification. Construction and Building Materials, 262, 119931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119931
Yu, H., Zhu, X., Qian, G., Gong, X., & Nie, X. (2020). Evaluation of phosphorus slag (PS) content and particle size on the performance modification effect of asphalt. Construction and Building Materials, 256, 119334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119334
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Serdal Terzi, Fatih Ergezer, Mehmet Saltan, Sebnem Karahancer, Ekinhan Eriskin, Ismail Serkan Uncu, Oznur karadag, Akay Kurter Kurtman, Mehmet Kayakus, Kemal Muhammet Erten
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.