Revista de Geografía Norte Grande

Citizenship practices in rural territories: effects of 40 years of economic neoliberalization

Beatriz Bustos, Alvaro Román — Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 -0400

During the last two years, Chile has experienced an in-depth discussion about the social pact that has prevailed since 1980. The social outbreak of 2019 and the subsequent constituent process has made us wonder as a society, what are the bases of belonging, rights and duties that unite us. This article focuses the gaze on a sector little studied in terms of citizenship, rural territories, based on their electoral behavior, associativity and link with productive activities. While these territories have undergone the most profound transformations of 40 years of neoliberalism, their inhabitants feel neglected and marginalized by the State and its institutions. By examining two predominantly rural districts –27, in the Aysén region, and 16, in the O'Higgins region– we evidenced a constant electoral abstention from regional and national politics from 1990 onwards, and we argue that 40 years of Neoliberalization has caused a detachment from democratic institutions and spaces, due to their formal and symbolic rather than real character. To understand this, we propose the concept of extractive citizenship, which allows addressing the governance, anchoring and symbolic dimensions and thus accessing the manifestations and the exercise of citizenship in rural territories, thus inviting to deepen the empirical and theoretical study on rural citizenship

Índice de multifuncionalidad de la agricultura familiar campesina (IMAFC): Caso municipio de Calpan, Puebla.

Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 -0400

Peasant farming systems are multifunctional, since their culture-based structure generates different environmental, social and economic functions. However, agricultural modernization and the change from agricultural to urban zones have caused the loss of multifunctionality in these systems. Therefore, the objective of this study was to generate a peasant family farming multifunctionality index for the municipality of Calpan, Puebla. A survey was conducted to gather information and the instrument was a questionnaire applied to a sample of 81 producers. A peasant family farming multifunctionality index (PFFMI) was generated, made up of four fields: sociocultural, environmental, economic and territorial; four general functions, 12 specific ones, and 17 indicators. The results show a PFFMI of 72.61, corresponding to category IV, medium high, with outstanding functions such as: conservation of knowledge, maintenance of agricultural biodiversity, conservation of agroecological practices, consolidation of food security, promotion of job generation, support of landscapes configurations, and rootedness of the territory. The study concludes that peasant family farming maintains a high functionality.

Economic impact of cultural tourism in rural areas of Mexico

José Pedro Juárez Sánchez, Benito Ramírez Valverde, Luceli Méndez Serrano — Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 -0400

Tourism is one of the main engines of economic development in several countries and Mexico is no exception. In rural areas it is a developmental strategy to face the agricultural crisis. The research analyzed the economic impact of tourism from the perception of merchants or tourism service providers in rural communities in Mexico. Non-probability “snowball” sampling was used and 54 people who own establishments near tourist attractions were interviewed. Respondents were found to be young adults. Businesses are small family enterprises that primarily market handicrafts and food. More than sixty percent of establishments rent a space to work. Few jobs were created and most of them are occupied by people from the community. Not having their establishments registered resulted in a low collection of tax revenue and almost half paid a fee to an organization to let them work. It is concluded that economic activities provide a good income to the interviewees, compared to other work options.

Competitiveness, development and territorial inequality. The case of the Province of Buenos Aires (Argentina)

Marcelo Sili, Andrés Meiller — Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 -0400

Territorial competitiveness appears as an innovative concept that makes it possible to account for the development dynamics of territories, the imbalances and the factors that leverage or inhibit their development. This paper analyzes the levels of territorial competitiveness of the Districts of the Province of Buenos Aires, the most important in Argentina in terms of population and economic development, using 63 variables of different tenor, many of them considered in the light of international experience. The results show that educational levels and working conditions are the main factors that promote the competitiveness of the Districts, in many cases accompanied by high or medium levels of agglomeration and strong connectivity

Un ‘Giro espacial’ en los estudios de estrategia sindical: posiciones, movilizaciones y comunidades.

Domingo Perez — Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 -0400

This article argues that the socio-spatial perspective in trade union studies has grown in recent decades to the point of causing a “spatial shift” in much of its literature, which has (re)driven the debate on strategic issues in the struggle of workers now in neoliberal urbanity. To account for the above, the text proposes a review of three classical literature focuses on trade unionism, which have recently been expanded and restated based on the analysis of social geography: (1) strategic sectors and strategic positions; (2) strike mobilizations and action tactics; and (3) the urban relationship between unions and communities, which is present at the center of four specific study sources: community unionism, worker centers, recovered companies, and union action in workers' neighborhoods. This review makes it possible to identify new conditions and resources of power in union action. At the same time, it argues that the socio-spatial turn is expanding due to the growing need to understand the effect of the reproduction/production relationship in the formation and transformation of the working class.

Production of space in the town of San Pedro de Atacama

Pilar González-Quiroz, Oscar David Gómez-Maury — Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 -0400

The present deductive work is presented as a case study focused on the town of San Pedro de Atacama (SPA), since it is one of the most important tourist destinations in Chile due to its high visitation rates that respond to its significant culture. and landscape diversity on the high plateau desert. From a geographical reading of this place, it is intended to analyze the problem of the tourism-heritage dialectic from 1960 to 2019 based on the historical reconstruction and mutual influence of its tourist practices and valuations of heritage assets. Methodologically, the work offers a tourist documentary analysis of specialized magazines, accommodation statistics, tourist facilities, development plans, decrees associated with heritage assets in SPA, among others, applying field visits and cartographic analysis on the distribution of heritage assets and tourism facilities. The main results highlight a recognition and recategorization of three periods: exploration and incipient tourism growth; opening and consolidation of the tourist market and; enhancement of attractions and reinvention of tourism practices. Marked by the insertion of new regulatory orders, activities and forms of tourism. It concludes with a "stagnation" in the processes of patrimonialization and return to the consumption of natural rather than cultural heritage.

Geohistorical analysis of the touristification of Quintana Roo in Mexico, in the last hundred years (1920-2020).

Antonio B. Ojeda — Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 -0400

Touristification is a process that involves many stakeholders who seek to create tourist spaces through mechanisms that involve agendas, policies, and discourses. The objective of this work is to understand the evolution of tourism from a geohistorical perspective in Quintana Roo, the state with the most striking development of tourism activity in Mexico, based on the analysis of the stakeholders and their participation mechanisms in the last hundred years. The methodology consisted of exploratory research combining bibliographical research and fieldwork in the area where the fourth stage of the process takes place, to characterize and understand the touristification process. In the results, four stages were differentiated from each other and each one with stakeholders who exercised various actions that promoted the development of tourism. We highlight the importance of tourism in the process of creation and appropriation of space, the repeated commitment to tourism as a force of economic development throughout the different stages of the process, and the historical marginalization of the indigenous population from the benefits of tourism. However, there are signs of a more complex institutionalization by community-based ventures in the fourth stage. The investigation contributes elements to the debate and new investigations are proposed that integrate the relationship of local stakeholders in the territorial models of touristifiaction.

The challenge of facing the pandemic Covid-19 on socio-territorial inequalities in Londrina/Pr/Brazil

Ideni Terezinha Antonello, Léia Aparecida Veiga — Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 -0400

The problematic that guided the realization of this research refers to the issue of access to housing in Brazil, since the areas with greater availability of urban devices become accessible only to subjects who can pay, excluding a large part of the workers. Thus, the objective of this article is to present an analysis of urban socio-territorial inequalities in Londrina, one of its most perverse results being the presence of shantytowns and the exposure of residents to greater contamination by Covid-19 in 2020 and the beginning of 2021. The qualitative approach was based on the collection of information from bibliographic material, statistics and on-site visits to the study area. The city of Londrina/PR/Brazil was a special and analytical area of the research, where it was verified the occurrence of 69 shantytown areas, with 3,997 families living in unhealthy housing, without minimum sanitary conditions for the maintenance of health and welfare of families. The results indicated the urgency of elaborating public housing policies that aim at an inclusive, safe, sustainable city and the importance of debating the segregationist public policy that fails to reduce social inequalities in contemporary times

Metodologías y métodos de investigación en la educación geográfica latinoamericana (2015-2021).

Alejandro Cascante Campos — Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 -0400

Recent international studies on geography education research have placed emphasis on the analysis of methodological designs, searching for opportunities of gathering evidence that would influence geographic preparation processes. Based on this, the current research involves an analysis of methodological designs employed by researchers in geography education within Latin America, based on publications issued in the region’s journals from 2015-2021. The study involved 1269 geography education articles published in journals from six Latin American countries, where just 50.8% correspond to empirical studies, with a heavy predominance of qualitative designs, and a scarcity of quantitative and mixed methods designs. In addition, the study shown a statistically significant growth of theory-based articles during the pandemic years (2020-2021), compared to previous years where studies were more empirically-based. The findings inform about research methods strengths, but also on the existing improvement opportunities for generating scientific evidence that would improve geography education in Latin America.

Derecho de las mujeres a la ciudad.

Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 -0400

The historically masculine conception of the city has generated an unequal relationship between people and their urban context according to gender. This produces an invisibility of women in public space, limiting their participation and therefore their right to the city. However, feminist organizations in Chile have stressed this reality through urban interventions that propose an urban imaginary from feminism. These practices have gained strength since March 2019, after a year marked by feminist student mobilizations and then by the Chilean social revolt that began in October of that year. This research seeks to identify and typify the feminist urban interventions organized in the public space of Greater Santiago between March 8, 2019 and March 8, 2020, in order to analyze their relationship with urban imaginaries from a legal approach. to the city. The results show historical trends in the way of intervening in the city and new forms associated with the use of technologies. A common element in the registered interventions is the use of female names, symbols and bodies, which call into question the exclusion of women in the urban imaginary.

Keywords: Right to the city, feminist urban interventions, urban imaginaries, Santiago de Chile.

Development and spatial diffusion of artificial surface in the Urban Agglomeration of Murcia (South-East Spain)

Rubén Giménez García, Ramón García Marín — Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 -0400

Urban progress, and the consequent artificialisation of land that it provokes, constitute territorial processes of great interest and relevance in most countries of the planet. On the Spanish Mediterranean coast, the urbanisation phenomenon has experienced a great advance, with the Urban Agglomeration of Murcia being an example worthy of study. This paper analyses both the evolution of artificial surface and its spatial diffusion towards external areas, as well as the strength of compact and dispersed urban land in the territorial development of this urban region. The results obtained, through the treatment and analysis of georeferenced information from Corine Land Cover, reveal that the anthropising phenomenon suffered by this territorial area has been remarkable, tripling the area of artificial land in just three decades. This increase in artificial cover has been carried out at different intensities, mainly affecting peripheral sectors through the spread of dispersed urban land.

Las unidades de paisaje del Espacio Natural Protegido de Sierra de las Nieves (sur de España): caracterización, cambios y métricas.

Mario Menjíbar Romero, Ricardo Remond, Juan Francisco Martínez Murillo — Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 -0400

The Sierra de las Nieves Protected Natural Area, declared as National Park in 2021, bases its richness on the presence of natural systems (Abies pinsapo Boiss., pine forests in peridotite reliefs, and scrublands and Quercus faginea Alpestris in high mountain area). However, it should also be considered the contribution of human activity over the centuries, shaping a great variety of landscapes. So, the main purpose is to carry out a study of these landscapes through mapping and quantitative analysis of the changes in their uses and vegetation cover in order to provide useful information for the implementation of planning and management. The most relevant results are: the study area is characterized by 4-landscape units, whose delimitation has been marked mainly by altitude and geology; a naturalization process of the landscape has taken place since the beginning of the 20^th century; wooded vegetation and scrubland have increased their surface, mainly at the expense of pastureland due to the decline of livestock, although they have been negatively impacted by fire. These results highlight the importance of considering this type of studies on the landscape in the management of protected natural areas.

Nuevos datos en torno a la historia paleoambiental del centro-sur de Chile. El registro sedimentario y palinológico del "Humedal Laguna Verde" (36°47'S), Península Hualpén, Región del Bío-Bío, Chile.

Jean Pierre Francois, Paulina Hernandez, Isadora Schneider, Javier Cerda — Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 -0400

This work presents a new sedimentological and palynological record that reconstructs the elusive environmental history during the mid to late Holocene transition in south central Chile (34°-38°S). The study site corresponds to a small wetland called Laguna Verde (36º47'S, 73º09'W; 22 m.a.s.l.; ~4 ha), which is located in a micro-basin (136 ha) surrounded by native vegetation (i.e. sclerophyllous forest). Sediment cores obtained from the wetland, allowed us to reconstruct its evolution during the post-glacial period, showing that site formation take place around 6,800 cal years BP, as a result of a damming process by dunes. Subsequently, a significant increase in the concentration of lithic materials mobilized by wind and precipitation is recorded, resulting in the formation of a permanent body of water around 4000 cal years BP. The palynological record shows a predominance of arboreal and aquatic taxa during this period, indicating the development of forest ecosystems into the basin, in response to increased rainfall. Finally, an abrupt change in the sedimentological and palynological record is observed around 1850AD, related to a transformation in the vegetal landscape and the sedimentary regime due to anthropogenic activity. In summary, this study provides new and relevant information to understand the paleoenvironmental history of the coastal ecosystems of south central Chile.

Sensitivity analysis of the Schelling model with three agents

Gonzalo De Armas, Daniel Ciganda — Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 -0400

El modelo de Schelling describe como las preferencias individuales de las personas, relacionadas a la intolerancia por vivir junto a individuos de diferentes características, provocan un resultado a nivel global, entendido como segregación urbana. . Este trabajo plantea una extensión al modelo de Schelling, donde exista un tercer agente con distintas preferencias y proporción variable sobre el total de agentes en la ciudad. Cuando éste es completamente tolerante se logra una disminución de la insatisfacción global y de la segregación, pero si se considera ahora la posibilidad de variar la preferencia y proporción de este tercer agente, se verifica en la simulación que para valores moderados en la tolerancia de este tercer agente, se genera mayor satisfacción y segregación, mientras que a medida que la preferencia se aleja de esa situación intermedia y aumenta la necesidad de similaridad con sus vecinos, disminuye la satisfacción y la segregación.

Análisis espacio-temporal del régimen de fuego en las sabanas húmedas del Pacífico Sur de Costa Rica mediante datos MODIS 2001-2022.

Luis Guillermo Artavia Rodriguez, Ramón Masis Campo, Gerardo Ávalos Rodríguez — Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 -0400

We the analyzed spatial and temporal distribution of fire incidence in the humid savanna ecosystem of southern Pacific Costa Rica for the period 2001 to 2022 using MODIS data. Although the area under investigation has historical references to the occurrence and ecological efects of fires, an analysis of the chronology and spatial distribution of recent fires in the savanna ecosystem had not been carried out until now. During the study period, a total of 13,224.6 hectares were burned. We identified a high frequency of fire in the ecosystem, mainly in the upper part of the Ceibo River basin within the Ujarras indigenous territory, where areas burned between six and eight times during the study period. Our results can help improve plans for the management and conservation of the humid savanna ecosystem of southern Pacific Costa Rica.